Difference between revisions of "Tutorial:PhysicsCollisionCallbacks"

(update to show 0.7.2 compatibility)
 
(11 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
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In this tutorial we will create a collision between two objects that calls certain callbacks set by [[World:setCallbacks]].
 
In this tutorial we will create a collision between two objects that calls certain callbacks set by [[World:setCallbacks]].
 +
 +
{{notice|Making changes to a [[World]] is not allowed inside of the [[beginContact]], [[endContact]], [[preSolve]], and [[postSolve]] callback functions, as BOX2D locks the world during these callbacks.}}
  
  
 
== Tutorial ==
 
== Tutorial ==
 
=== main.lua setup ===
 
=== main.lua setup ===
I usually start every main.lua with 3 love functions: [[love.load]], [[love.update]], and [[love.draw]]
+
Let's start by setting up main.lua with 3 love functions: [[love.load]], [[love.update]], and [[love.draw]]
  
 
<source lang="lua">
 
<source lang="lua">
Line 26: Line 28:
 
=== World setup ===
 
=== World setup ===
 
Now that we have a framework setup, let's setup a [[World|physics world]] in [[love.load]] with [[love.physics.newWorld|newWorld]].
 
Now that we have a framework setup, let's setup a [[World|physics world]] in [[love.load]] with [[love.physics.newWorld|newWorld]].
Also we will use [[World:setGravity]] and [[World:update]].
+
We will also use [[World:update]].
  
 
<source lang="lua">
 
<source lang="lua">
 
function love.load()
 
function love.load()
 
--Store the new world in a variable such as "world"
 
--Store the new world in a variable such as "world"
world = love.physics.newWorld(0,0, 800,600)
+
world = love.physics.newWorld(0, 200, true) --Gravity is being set to 0 in the x direction and 200 in the y direction.
--Gravity is being set to 0 in the x direction and 40 in the y direction.
 
world:setGravity(0,40)
 
 
end
 
end
  
Line 42: Line 42:
 
</source>
 
</source>
  
Now we want to create a ball and a ground. To do this we will need  [[love.physics.newBody|newBody]], [[love.physics.newCircleShape|newCircleShape]], and [[love.physics.newRectangleShape|newRectangleShape]].
+
Now we want to create a ball and a ground. To do this we will need  [[love.physics.newBody|newBody]], [[love.physics.newCircleShape|newCircleShape]], and [[love.physics.newRectangleShape|newRectangleShape]].  We'll connect the bodies to the shapes using [[love.physics.newFixture|newFixture]].
  
 
<source lang="lua">
 
<source lang="lua">
Line 49: Line 49:
  
 
     ball = {}
 
     ball = {}
         ball.b = love.physics.newBody(world, 400,200, 10,0)
+
         ball.b = love.physics.newBody(world, 400,200, "dynamic")  -- set x,y position (400,200) and let it move and hit other objects ("dynamic")
         ball.s = love.physics.newCircleShape(ball.b, 0,0, 50)
+
        ball.b:setMass(10)                                       -- make it pretty light
         ball.s:setRestitution(0.4)   -- make it bouncy
+
         ball.s = love.physics.newCircleShape(50)                  -- give it a radius of 50
         ball.s:setData("Ball")
+
        ball.f = love.physics.newFixture(ball.b, ball.s)         -- connect body to shape
 +
         ball.f:setRestitution(0.4)                               -- make it bouncy
 +
         ball.f:setUserData("Ball")                               -- give it a name, which we'll access later
 
     static = {}
 
     static = {}
         static.b = love.physics.newBody(world, 400,400, 0,0)
+
         static.b = love.physics.newBody(world, 400,400, "static") -- "static" makes it not move
         static.s = love.physics.newRectangleShape(static.b, 0,0, 200,50, 0)
+
         static.s = love.physics.newRectangleShape(200,50)        -- set size to 200,50 (x,y)
         static.s:setData("Block")
+
         static.f = love.physics.newFixture(static.b, static.s)
 +
        static.f:setUserData("Block")
 
end
 
end
 
</source>
 
</source>
Line 65: Line 68:
 
function love.draw()
 
function love.draw()
 
     love.graphics.circle("line", ball.b:getX(),ball.b:getY(), ball.s:getRadius(), 20)
 
     love.graphics.circle("line", ball.b:getX(),ball.b:getY(), ball.s:getRadius(), 20)
     love.graphics.polygon("line", static.s:getPoints())
+
     love.graphics.polygon("line", static.b:getWorldPoints(static.s:getPoints()))
 
end
 
end
 
</source>
 
</source>
Line 75: Line 78:
  
 
First thing we do is set the world callbacks with [[World:setCallbacks]].
 
First thing we do is set the world callbacks with [[World:setCallbacks]].
There are four callbacks for a collision: add, persist, remove, and result.
+
There are four callbacks for a collision: beginContact, endContact, preSolve, and postSolve.
: Add is the callback for every new collision.
+
: '''beginContact''' gets called when two fixtures start overlapping (two objects collide).
: Persist is the callback for every collision that is continuing from last frame.
+
: '''endContact''' gets called when two fixtures stop overlapping (two objects disconnect).
: Rem(ove) is the callback for any collision that stopped happening since last frame.
+
: '''preSolve''' is called just before a frame is resolved for a current collision
: Result (not yet implemented in Love).
+
: '''postSolve''' is called just after a frame is resolved for a current collision.
 
<source lang="lua">
 
<source lang="lua">
 
function love.load()
 
function love.load()
 
     ...  -- substitute for the rest of love.load
 
     ...  -- substitute for the rest of love.load
  
     world = love.physics.newWorld(0,0, 800,600)
+
     world = love.physics.newWorld(0, 200, true)
        world:setGravity(0, 40)
 
 
         --These callback function names can be almost any you want:
 
         --These callback function names can be almost any you want:
         world:setCallbacks(add, persist, rem, result)
+
         world:setCallbacks(beginContact, endContact, preSolve, postSolve)
  
 
     text      = ""  -- we'll use this to put info text on the screen later
 
     text      = ""  -- we'll use this to put info text on the screen later
Line 95: Line 97:
 
Now define each function you just named.
 
Now define each function you just named.
 
<source lang="lua">
 
<source lang="lua">
function add(a, b, coll)
+
function beginContact(a, b, coll)
 
 
 
end
 
end
  
function persist(a, b, coll)
+
function endContact(a, b, coll)
 
 
 
end
 
end
  
function rem(a, b, coll)
+
function preSolve(a, b, coll)
 
 
 
end
 
end
  
function result(a, b, coll)
+
function postSolve(a, b, coll, normalimpulse, tangentimpulse)
 
 
 
end
 
end
 
</source>
 
</source>
These functions are called every time one of the collision actions happen. They pass in two shapes and a collision object. These parameters can also be named to whatever you want. In this tutorial, we choose a, b, and coll.
+
These functions are called every time one of the collision actions happen. They pass in two fixtures and a collision object. The postsolve callback also contains the normal and tangent impulse for each collision contact point. These parameters can also be named to whatever you want. In this tutorial, we choose a, b, and coll.
* a is the first object in the collision.
+
* '''a''' is the first [[Fixture| fixture object]] in the collision.
* b is the second object in the collision.
+
* '''b''' is the second fixture object in the collision.
* coll is the [[Contact|contact object]] created.
+
* '''coll''' is the [[Contact|contact object]] created.
 +
* '''normalimpulse''' is the amount of impulse applied along the normal of the first point of collision. It only applies to the postsolve callback, and we can ignore it for now.
 +
* '''tangentimpulse''' is the amount of impulse applied along the tangent of the first point of collision. It only applies to the postsolve callback, and we can ignore it for now.
  
 
Say we want to print to screen whenever a callback is called. We just need to modify the '''text''' variable we added to love.load() earlier by appending a string every time a collision action happens.  We need a bit of extra code to keep the output clean too.
 
Say we want to print to screen whenever a callback is called. We just need to modify the '''text''' variable we added to love.load() earlier by appending a string every time a collision action happens.  We need a bit of extra code to keep the output clean too.
Line 124: Line 128:
 
     ... -- substitute for the rest of love.update
 
     ... -- substitute for the rest of love.update
  
     if string.len(text) > 512 then    -- cleanup when 'text' gets too long
+
     if string.len(text) > 768 then    -- cleanup when 'text' gets too long
 
         text = ""  
 
         text = ""  
 
     end
 
     end
Line 135: Line 139:
 
end
 
end
  
function add(a, b, coll)
+
function beginContact(a, b, coll)
    persisting = 0    -- reset since every event other than persist means they're not continuing to touch
 
 
     x,y = coll:getNormal()
 
     x,y = coll:getNormal()
     text = text.."\n"..a.." colliding with "..b.." with a vector normal of: "..x..", "..y
+
     text = text.."\n"..a:getUserData().." colliding with "..b:getUserData().." with a vector normal of: "..x..", "..y
 
end
 
end
  
function persist(a, b, coll)
+
 
 +
function endContact(a, b, coll)
 +
    persisting = 0    -- reset since they're no longer touching
 +
    text = text.."\n"..a:getUserData().." uncolliding with "..b:getUserData()
 +
end
 +
 
 +
function preSolve(a, b, coll)
 
     if persisting == 0 then    -- only say when they first start touching
 
     if persisting == 0 then    -- only say when they first start touching
         text = text.."\n"..a.." touching "..b
+
         text = text.."\n"..a:getUserData().." touching "..b:getUserData()
 
     elseif persisting < 20 then    -- then just start counting
 
     elseif persisting < 20 then    -- then just start counting
 
         text = text.." "..persisting
 
         text = text.." "..persisting
Line 150: Line 159:
 
end
 
end
  
function rem(a, b, coll)
+
function postSolve(a, b, coll, normalimpulse, tangentimpulse)
    persisting = 0
+
-- we won't do anything with this function
    text = text.."\n"..a.." uncolliding with "..b
 
end
 
 
 
function result(a, b, coll)
 
    persisting = 0
 
    text = text.."\n"..a.." hit "..b
 
 
end
 
end
 
</source>
 
</source>
Line 170: Line 173:
  
 
     if love.keyboard.isDown("right") then
 
     if love.keyboard.isDown("right") then
         ball.b:applyForce(100, 0)  
+
         ball.b:applyForce(1000, 0)  
 
     elseif love.keyboard.isDown("left") then
 
     elseif love.keyboard.isDown("left") then
         ball.b:applyForce(-100, 0)  
+
         ball.b:applyForce(-1000, 0)  
 
     end
 
     end
 
     if love.keyboard.isDown("up") then
 
     if love.keyboard.isDown("up") then
         ball.b:applyForce(0, -100)
+
         ball.b:applyForce(0, -5000)
 
     elseif love.keyboard.isDown("down") then
 
     elseif love.keyboard.isDown("down") then
         ball.b:applyForce(0, 100)
+
         ball.b:applyForce(0, 1000)
 
     end
 
     end
  
     if string.len(text) > 512 then    -- cleanup when 'text' gets too long
+
     if string.len(text) > 768 then    -- cleanup when 'text' gets too long
 
         text = ""  
 
         text = ""  
 
     end
 
     end
Line 192: Line 195:
 
=== main.lua ===
 
=== main.lua ===
 
<source lang="lua">
 
<source lang="lua">
 +
 
function love.load()
 
function love.load()
    world = love.physics.newWorld(0, 0, 800, 600)
+
-- Create a physics World with gravity (0, 200) and enable sleep for objects at rest
        world:setGravity(0, 40)
+
World = love.physics.newWorld(0, 100, true)
        world:setCallbacks(add, persist, rem, result)
+
-- Set the collision callbacks for the World
 +
World:setCallbacks(beginContact, endContact, preSolve, postSolve)
  
    ball = {}  
+
 
        ball.b = love.physics.newBody(world, 400,200, 10, 0)  
+
Platform = {}
        ball.s = love.physics.newCircleShape(ball.b, 0,0, 50)
+
-- Create a Platform body for the Platform object at position (400, 400)
        ball.s:setRestitution(0.4)   -- make it bouncy
+
Platform.body = love.physics.newBody(World, 400, 400, "static")
        ball.s:setData("Ball")
+
-- Create a rectangle shape for the Platform object with width 200 and height 50
    static = {}  
+
Platform.shape = love.physics.newRectangleShape(200, 50)
        static.b = love.physics.newBody(world, 400,400, 0,0)
+
-- Create a fixture for the Platform object using its body and shape
        static.s = love.physics.newRectangleShape(static.b, 0,0, 200,50, 0)  
+
Platform.fixture = love.physics.newFixture(Platform.body, Platform.shape)
        static.s:setData("Block")
+
-- Set the user data of the Platform fixture to "Block"
 +
Platform.fixture:setUserData("Platform")
 +
 +
Ball = {}
 +
-- Create a dynamic body for the Ball at position (400, 200)
 +
Ball.body = love.physics.newBody(World, 400, 200, "dynamic")
 +
-- Set the mass of the Ball body to 10
 +
Ball.body:setMass(10)
 +
-- Create a circle shape for the Ball with radius 50
 +
Ball.shape = love.physics.newCircleShape(50)
 +
-- Create a fixture for the Ball using its body and shape
 +
Ball.fixture = love.physics.newFixture(Ball.body, Ball.shape)
 +
-- Set the restitution (bounciness) of the Ball fixture to 0.4
 +
Ball.fixture:setRestitution(0.4)
 +
-- Set the user data of the Ball fixture to "Ball"
 +
Ball.fixture:setUserData("Ball")
  
    text      = ""  -- we'll use this to put info text on the screen later
+
Text = ""   -- we'll use this to put info Text on the screen later
    persisting = 0   -- we'll use this to store the state of repeated callback calls
+
Persisting = 0 -- we'll use this to store the state of repeated callback calls
 +
 +
love.window.setTitle ("Persisting: "..Persisting)
 
end
 
end
  
 
function love.update(dt)
 
function love.update(dt)
    world:update(dt)
+
-- Update the physics World with the specified time step (dt)
 +
World:update(dt)
  
    if love.keyboard.isDown("right") then
+
-- Apply forces to the Ball based on keyboard input
        ball.b:applyForce(100, 0)  
+
if love.keyboard.isDown("right") then
    elseif love.keyboard.isDown("left") then
+
-- Apply a force of (1000, 0) to the Ball's body in the right direction
        ball.b:applyForce(-100, 0)  
+
Ball.body:applyForce(1000, 0)
    end
+
elseif love.keyboard.isDown("left") then
    if love.keyboard.isDown("up") then
+
-- Apply a force of (-1000, 0) to the Ball's body in the left direction
        ball.b:applyForce(0, -100)
+
Ball.body:applyForce(-1000, 0)
    elseif love.keyboard.isDown("down") then
+
end
        ball.b:applyForce(0, 100)
+
if love.keyboard.isDown("up") then
    end
+
-- Apply a force of (0, -5000) to the Ball's body in the upward direction
 +
Ball.body:applyForce(0, -5000)
 +
elseif love.keyboard.isDown("down") then
 +
-- Apply a force of (0, 1000) to the Ball's body in the downward direction
 +
Ball.body:applyForce(0, 1000)
 +
end
  
    if string.len(text) > 512 then   -- cleanup when 'text' gets too long
+
if string.len(Text) > 768 then-- Cleanup when 'Text' gets too long
        text = ""  
+
Text = "" -- Reset the Text variable when it exceeds the specified length
    end
+
end
 
end
 
end
 +
  
 
function love.draw()
 
function love.draw()
    love.graphics.circle("line", ball.b:getX(),ball.b:getY(), ball.s:getRadius(), 20)
+
-- Draw the Ball as a circle using the Ball's position, radius, and line style
    love.graphics.polygon("line", static.s:getPoints())
+
love.graphics.circle("line", Ball.body:getX(), Ball.body:getY(), Ball.shape:getRadius(), 20)
 +
 
 +
-- Draw the Platform object as a polygon using the points of its shape and line style
 +
love.graphics.polygon("line", Platform.body:getWorldPoints(Platform.shape:getPoints()))
  
    love.graphics.print(text, 10, 10)
+
-- Draw the Text on the screen at position (10, 10)
 +
love.graphics.print(Text, 10, 10)
 
end
 
end
  
function add(a, b, coll)
+
 
    persisting = 0    -- reset since every event other than persist means they're not continuing to touch
+
 
    x,y = coll:getNormal()
+
-- define beginContact, endContact, preSolve, postSolve functions:
    text = text.."\n"..a.." colliding with "..b.." with a vector normal of: "..x..", "..y
+
 
 +
function beginContact(a, b, coll)
 +
Persisting = 1
 +
local x, y = coll:getNormal()
 +
local textA = a:getUserData()
 +
local textB = b:getUserData()
 +
-- Get the normal vector of the collision and concatenate it with the collision information
 +
Text = Text.."\n 1.)" .. textA.." colliding with "..textB.." with a vector normal of: ("..x..", "..y..")"
 +
love.window.setTitle ("Persisting: "..Persisting)
 
end
 
end
  
function persist(a, b, coll)
+
function endContact(a, b, coll)
    if persisting == 0 then    -- only say when they first start touching
+
Persisting = 0
        text = text.."\n"..a.." touching "..b
+
local textA = a:getUserData()
    elseif persisting < 20 then    -- then just start counting
+
local textB = b:getUserData()
        text = text.." "..persisting
+
-- Update the Text to indicate that the objects are no longer colliding
    end
+
Text = Text.."\n 3.)" .. textA.." uncolliding with "..textB
    persisting = persisting + 1    -- keep track of how many updates they've been touching for
+
love.window.setTitle ("Persisting: "..Persisting)
 
end
 
end
  
function rem(a, b, coll)
+
function preSolve(a, b, coll)
    persisting = 0
+
if Persisting == 1 then
    text = text.."\n"..a.." uncolliding with "..b
+
local textA = a:getUserData()
 +
local textB = b:getUserData()
 +
-- If this is the first update where the objects are touching, add a message to the Text
 +
Text = Text.."\n 2.)" .. textA.." touching "..textB..": "..Persisting
 +
elseif Persisting <= 10 then
 +
-- If the objects have been touching for less than 20 updates, add a count to the Text
 +
Text = Text.." "..Persisting
 +
end
 +
 +
-- Update the Persisting counter to keep track of how many updates the objects have been touching
 +
Persisting = Persisting + 1
 +
love.window.setTitle ("Persisting: "..Persisting)
 
end
 
end
  
function result(a, b, coll)
+
function postSolve(a, b, coll, normalimpulse, tangentimpulse)
    persisting = 0
+
-- This function is empty, no actions are performed after the collision resolution
    text = text.."\n"..a.." hit "..b
+
-- It can be used to gather additional information or perform post-collision calculations if needed
 
end
 
end
 +
 
</source>
 
</source>
 +
 +
 +
== See Also ==
 +
* [[parent::love.physics]]
 +
* [[World]]
  
 
[[Category:Tutorials]]
 
[[Category:Tutorials]]
 
{{#set:Name=World Collision Callbacks Tutorial}}
 
{{#set:Name=World Collision Callbacks Tutorial}}
{{#set:LOVE Version=0.7.2}}
+
{{#set:LOVE Version=0.8.0}}
 
{{#set:Description=A tutorial for learning how to use [[World:setCallbacks]].}}
 
{{#set:Description=A tutorial for learning how to use [[World:setCallbacks]].}}
 
{{#set:Screenshot=File:WorldCallbacksTutorial.png}}
 
{{#set:Screenshot=File:WorldCallbacksTutorial.png}}

Latest revision as of 07:58, 20 June 2023

Preface

If you do not have a good grasp on love.physics, you should first check out this physics tutorial.

In this tutorial we will create a collision between two objects that calls certain callbacks set by World:setCallbacks.

O.png Making changes to a World is not allowed inside of the beginContact, endContact, preSolve, and postSolve callback functions, as BOX2D locks the world during these callbacks.  



Tutorial

main.lua setup

Let's start by setting up main.lua with 3 love functions: love.load, love.update, and love.draw

function love.load()
	
end
function love.update(dt)
	
end
function love.draw()
	
end

World setup

Now that we have a framework setup, let's setup a physics world in love.load with newWorld. We will also use World:update.

function love.load()
	--Store the new world in a variable such as "world"
	world = love.physics.newWorld(0, 200, true)  --Gravity is being set to 0 in the x direction and 200 in the y direction.
end

function love.update(dt)
	--Never forget to update your world every frame.
	world:update(dt)
end

Now we want to create a ball and a ground. To do this we will need newBody, newCircleShape, and newRectangleShape. We'll connect the bodies to the shapes using newFixture.

function love.load()
    ... -- don't include this, it's just indicating where the existing code for the function should be

    ball = {}
        ball.b = love.physics.newBody(world, 400,200, "dynamic")  -- set x,y position (400,200) and let it move and hit other objects ("dynamic")
        ball.b:setMass(10)                                        -- make it pretty light
        ball.s = love.physics.newCircleShape(50)                  -- give it a radius of 50
        ball.f = love.physics.newFixture(ball.b, ball.s)          -- connect body to shape
        ball.f:setRestitution(0.4)                                -- make it bouncy
        ball.f:setUserData("Ball")                                -- give it a name, which we'll access later
    static = {}
        static.b = love.physics.newBody(world, 400,400, "static") -- "static" makes it not move
        static.s = love.physics.newRectangleShape(200,50)         -- set size to 200,50 (x,y)
        static.f = love.physics.newFixture(static.b, static.s)
        static.f:setUserData("Block")
end

The objects are there now, but you can't yet see them. Let's draw them.

function love.draw()
    love.graphics.circle("line", ball.b:getX(),ball.b:getY(), ball.s:getRadius(), 20)
    love.graphics.polygon("line", static.b:getWorldPoints(static.s:getPoints()))
end

Now we should see a ball fall down and hit a solid rectangle.

World Callbacks

But what if we want more information on the two objects colliding? Now we will use World:setCallbacks to further dissect their collision(s).

First thing we do is set the world callbacks with World:setCallbacks. There are four callbacks for a collision: beginContact, endContact, preSolve, and postSolve.

beginContact gets called when two fixtures start overlapping (two objects collide).
endContact gets called when two fixtures stop overlapping (two objects disconnect).
preSolve is called just before a frame is resolved for a current collision
postSolve is called just after a frame is resolved for a current collision.
function love.load()
    ...  -- substitute for the rest of love.load

    world = love.physics.newWorld(0, 200, true)
        --These callback function names can be almost any you want:
        world:setCallbacks(beginContact, endContact, preSolve, postSolve)

    text       = ""   -- we'll use this to put info text on the screen later
    persisting = 0    -- we'll use this to store the state of repeated callback calls

Now define each function you just named.

function beginContact(a, b, coll)
	
end

function endContact(a, b, coll)
	
end

function preSolve(a, b, coll)
	
end

function postSolve(a, b, coll, normalimpulse, tangentimpulse)
	
end

These functions are called every time one of the collision actions happen. They pass in two fixtures and a collision object. The postsolve callback also contains the normal and tangent impulse for each collision contact point. These parameters can also be named to whatever you want. In this tutorial, we choose a, b, and coll.

  • a is the first fixture object in the collision.
  • b is the second fixture object in the collision.
  • coll is the contact object created.
  • normalimpulse is the amount of impulse applied along the normal of the first point of collision. It only applies to the postsolve callback, and we can ignore it for now.
  • tangentimpulse is the amount of impulse applied along the tangent of the first point of collision. It only applies to the postsolve callback, and we can ignore it for now.

Say we want to print to screen whenever a callback is called. We just need to modify the text variable we added to love.load() earlier by appending a string every time a collision action happens. We need a bit of extra code to keep the output clean too.

A list of functions you can use on contacts can be found at the Contact page.

function love.update(dt)
    ... -- substitute for the rest of love.update

    if string.len(text) > 768 then    -- cleanup when 'text' gets too long
        text = "" 
    end
end

function love.draw()
    ... -- substitute for the rest of love.draw

    love.graphics.print(text, 10, 10)
end

function beginContact(a, b, coll)
    x,y = coll:getNormal()
    text = text.."\n"..a:getUserData().." colliding with "..b:getUserData().." with a vector normal of: "..x..", "..y
end


function endContact(a, b, coll)
    persisting = 0    -- reset since they're no longer touching
    text = text.."\n"..a:getUserData().." uncolliding with "..b:getUserData()
end

function preSolve(a, b, coll)
    if persisting == 0 then    -- only say when they first start touching
        text = text.."\n"..a:getUserData().." touching "..b:getUserData()
    elseif persisting < 20 then    -- then just start counting
        text = text.." "..persisting
    end
    persisting = persisting + 1    -- keep track of how many updates they've been touching for
end

function postSolve(a, b, coll, normalimpulse, tangentimpulse)
-- we won't do anything with this function
end

And now you know how to use world callbacks!

To better explore how this world behaves and see when the callbacks are invoked, add some controls to allow you to push around the ball:

function love.update(dt)
    world:update(dt)

    if love.keyboard.isDown("right") then
        ball.b:applyForce(1000, 0) 
    elseif love.keyboard.isDown("left") then
        ball.b:applyForce(-1000, 0) 
    end
    if love.keyboard.isDown("up") then
        ball.b:applyForce(0, -5000)
    elseif love.keyboard.isDown("down") then
        ball.b:applyForce(0, 1000)
    end

    if string.len(text) > 768 then    -- cleanup when 'text' gets too long
        text = "" 
    end
end


Finished

Screenshots

Screenshot of the finished product.

main.lua

function love.load()
-- Create a physics World with gravity (0, 200) and enable sleep for objects at rest
	World = love.physics.newWorld(0, 100, true)
-- Set the collision callbacks for the World
	World:setCallbacks(beginContact, endContact, preSolve, postSolve)

   
	Platform = {}
-- Create a Platform body for the Platform object at position (400, 400)
	Platform.body = love.physics.newBody(World, 400, 400, "static")
-- Create a rectangle shape for the Platform object with width 200 and height 50
	Platform.shape = love.physics.newRectangleShape(200, 50)
-- Create a fixture for the Platform object using its body and shape
	Platform.fixture = love.physics.newFixture(Platform.body, Platform.shape)
-- Set the user data of the Platform fixture to "Block"
	Platform.fixture:setUserData("Platform")
		
	Ball = {}
-- Create a dynamic body for the Ball at position (400, 200)
	Ball.body = love.physics.newBody(World, 400, 200, "dynamic")
-- Set the mass of the Ball body to 10
	Ball.body:setMass(10)
-- Create a circle shape for the Ball with radius 50
	Ball.shape = love.physics.newCircleShape(50)
-- Create a fixture for the Ball using its body and shape
	Ball.fixture = love.physics.newFixture(Ball.body, Ball.shape)
-- Set the restitution (bounciness) of the Ball fixture to 0.4
	Ball.fixture:setRestitution(0.4)
-- Set the user data of the Ball fixture to "Ball"
	Ball.fixture:setUserData("Ball")

	Text = ""	  -- we'll use this to put info Text on the screen later
	Persisting = 0 -- we'll use this to store the state of repeated callback calls
	
	love.window.setTitle ("Persisting: "..Persisting)
end

function love.update(dt)
-- Update the physics World with the specified time step (dt)
	World:update(dt)

-- Apply forces to the Ball based on keyboard input
	if love.keyboard.isDown("right") then
-- Apply a force of (1000, 0) to the Ball's body in the right direction
		Ball.body:applyForce(1000, 0)
	elseif love.keyboard.isDown("left") then
-- Apply a force of (-1000, 0) to the Ball's body in the left direction
		Ball.body:applyForce(-1000, 0)
	end
	if love.keyboard.isDown("up") then
-- Apply a force of (0, -5000) to the Ball's body in the upward direction
		Ball.body:applyForce(0, -5000)
	elseif love.keyboard.isDown("down") then
-- Apply a force of (0, 1000) to the Ball's body in the downward direction
		Ball.body:applyForce(0, 1000)
	end

	if string.len(Text) > 768 then-- Cleanup when 'Text' gets too long
		Text = "" -- Reset the Text variable when it exceeds the specified length
	end
end


function love.draw()
-- Draw the Ball as a circle using the Ball's position, radius, and line style
	love.graphics.circle("line", Ball.body:getX(), Ball.body:getY(), Ball.shape:getRadius(), 20)

-- Draw the Platform object as a polygon using the points of its shape and line style
	love.graphics.polygon("line", Platform.body:getWorldPoints(Platform.shape:getPoints()))

-- Draw the Text on the screen at position (10, 10)
	love.graphics.print(Text, 10, 10)
end



-- define beginContact, endContact, preSolve, postSolve functions:

function beginContact(a, b, coll)
	Persisting = 1
	local x, y = coll:getNormal()
	local textA = a:getUserData()
	local textB = b:getUserData()
-- Get the normal vector of the collision and concatenate it with the collision information
	Text = Text.."\n 1.)" .. textA.." colliding with "..textB.." with a vector normal of: ("..x..", "..y..")"
	love.window.setTitle ("Persisting: "..Persisting)
end

function endContact(a, b, coll)
	Persisting = 0
	local textA = a:getUserData()
	local textB = b:getUserData()
-- Update the Text to indicate that the objects are no longer colliding
	Text = Text.."\n 3.)" .. textA.." uncolliding with "..textB
	love.window.setTitle ("Persisting: "..Persisting)
end

function preSolve(a, b, coll)
	if Persisting == 1 then
	local textA = a:getUserData()
	local textB = b:getUserData()
-- If this is the first update where the objects are touching, add a message to the Text
		Text = Text.."\n 2.)" .. textA.." touching "..textB..": "..Persisting
	elseif Persisting <= 10 then
-- If the objects have been touching for less than 20 updates, add a count to the Text
		Text = Text.." "..Persisting
	end
	
-- Update the Persisting counter to keep track of how many updates the objects have been touching
	Persisting = Persisting + 1
	love.window.setTitle ("Persisting: "..Persisting)
end

function postSolve(a, b, coll, normalimpulse, tangentimpulse)
-- This function is empty, no actions are performed after the collision resolution
-- It can be used to gather additional information or perform post-collision calculations if needed
end


See Also



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